Recalling pleasant things and taking the time to dwell on them.
Iowa & The Civil War – 1861-1865.
In April of 1861, most Iowans were going about the business of building a young state. Farms and towns were being established. Railroads connected most settled areas in the eastern part of the state and were gradually being extended westward.
But, on April 12, 1861, the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter changed everything. Personal concerns were put aside, and the entire nation became involved in a civil war.
When war broke out on April 12, 1861 at Ft. Sumter, the news reached Iowa by April 16th, and the very next day – April 17, 1861 – Governor Samuel Kirkwood pledged his friend, Abraham Lincoln, full support from our state.
When the War Department issued a call for volunteers, asking for one regiment from Iowa, Kirkwood was uncertain if he could raise the number of volunteers necessary to meet its quota, but so many Iowans enlisted, there was enough to form ten regiments! In total, Iowa furnished 48 infantry regiments, 9 cavalry regiments and 4 batteries of artillery. The Hawkeye State also furnished one black regiment and one thousand replacement troops to the Union cause.
Between 1861-1865, there were no major battles between Union and Confederate forces in Iowa. In truth however, the State of Iowa played a significant role in the North’s ultimate victory over the South, providing food, supplies, troops and officers for the war effort. During this four year period, Iowa – with a total population of 674,913 in 1860 – provided 76,534 men to fight for the Union Army, with 13,001 Iowa soldiers – 17% – dying. 1/3rd of those perished because of war wounds, while 2/3rd died because of disease. And, oh yes, another 8,500 Iowa men – 11% – came home severely wounded.
Three Iowans became major generals during the war. Samuel Curtis of Keokuk (above left) was a graduate of West Point. He was also a member of Iowa’s congressional delegation. He resigned from Congress in 1861 and commanded Iowa forces at the Battle of Pea Ridge. Grenville M. Dodge (above middle), an engineer and railroad builder, had settled in Council Bluffs in the 1850s. He recruited a company of volunteers at the start of the war and served under General Curtis at the Battle of Pea Ridge. He participated in many major battles – including Vicksburg and Chattanooga. He was wounded three times. Iowa’s youngest major general was Francis Herron (above right), a Dubuque banker. He served at both Pea Ridge (1861) and Prairie Grove (1862).
Iowans fought in many battles. Iowa soldiers first saw combat at Wilson’s Creek, Missouri, and Pea Ridge, Arkansas. Early in the war, many Iowa units accompanied General Ulysses S. Grant in his campaign to gain control of the Mississippi River. They took part in the great battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh. At Shiloh, five Iowa regiments “saved” Grant’s army by holding the center of the Union line (called the “hornets’ nest” by attacking Confederates) until late in the first day of the battle. This campaign ended with the great Union victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 4, 1863. Iowa soldiers then fought in Mississippi and Tennessee. Finally, in the spring of 1864, thousands of Iowans took part in General William Tecumseh Sherman’s famous “March to the Sea” through Georgia and South Carolina.
On July 2, 1862 – President Abraham Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers to join the war effort with a commitment of service for 3 years.
(JP-090) Above is the U.S. Army Re-Enlistment Form of Iowa City’s Corporal Richard L. Hoxie, dated December 4, 1863, and signed in Little Rock, Arkansas. Hoxie, at age 16, became the Company F bugler for the 1st Iowa Cavalry in 1861. After graduating from West Point, Hoxie was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant of Engineers (1868), moving steadily up the ranks before retiring as a Brigadier General in 1908. During his time in the Army, Hoxie served in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and was regarded as an expert on fortifications. Read more here.
(C-0033)Personal letter & envelope postmarked October 11 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The letter is dated 1865 and uses two Black Jack stamps U.S. #73 Series of 1861-66 2¢ Jackson
(C-0034)Civil War Era – Iowa City “Bulls-Eye” postmarks. While mail between the North and South decreased during the war, there was an overall increase in volume as soldiers and their families communicated with each other. The 3¢ Washington stamp satisfied the domestic first class rate for mail sent less than 3,000 miles. Although a large quantity was printed, the 3¢ Washington stamp was produced with 26 plates. There are also several shades and the stamp is also prized for the variety of cancellations used, including these “Bulls-eye” postmarks found on our two envelopes mailed to Clarence J. Rhodes, from Iowa City on Sept 25, 1865 and Jan 12, 1866.(C-0035)“Bulls-Eye” postmark January 12, 1866April 19, 1865 – Memorial Service for President Lincoln. An Isaac Wetherby photo. Click here to read more about Wetherby.Above is the bell that hung in Old Capitol from 1864 to 2001. This bell tolled for three days and nights after President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination in 1865. Click here to read more about the bells of Iowa City.(L-0076)In 1958-1959, on the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, the USPS issued four commemorative stamps honoring our 16th President.
(P-0262)Long after Lincoln’s death, his life was commemorated. This beautiful penny postcard (above) from 1904 was created in his memory. On February 12, 1909, Lincoln’s Birthday is first celebrated as a legal U.S. holiday, and the USPS issued this commemorative postage stamp.
The Metropolitan Hall – located at the corner of Washington & Dubuque Streets in Iowa City served as host for numerous gatherings (1861-1865) focused on supporting the brave men who served the Union during the war. Read more here.
(C-0203)U.S. #1178-#1182 1961-65 Civil War 100th Anniversary Set. In 1961, the U.S.P.S. began a series commemorating the Civil War centenary. One stamp was issued each year from 1961 to 1965 to coincide with the beginning and end of the five-year war. Each stamp recalled a milestone from a different year of the war.
There are two Civil War remembrance plaques (above) posted on stone monuments outside the Johnson County Court House. The one on the left of the steps has General John Logan’s Memorial Day Order of 1868. The one on the right has Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address.
(C-0204)The 85th Anniversary of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. Delivered at the dedication of the Soldier’s National Cemetery in Gettysburg, PA on the afternoon of November 19, 1863, this 271-word speech is one of the best-known speeches in American history.DYK – June 16, 2023 DYK-October 19, 2023April 17, 1861 – When the Civil War broke out on April 12th, the news didn’t reach Iowa until April 16th. The very next day, Governor Kirkwood pledged full support from our state. A Day-by-Day Calendar of Historical Events In Iowa, William J. Petersen, State Historical Society of Iowa, 1946, p 38
July 2, 1862 – President Abraham Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers to join the war effort with a commitment of service for 3 years. A Day-by-Day Calendar of Historical Events In Iowa, William J. Petersen, State Historical Society of Iowa, 1946, p 63
February 12, 1909 – Abraham Lincoln’s Birthday is first celebrated as a legal U.S. holiday. A Day-by-Day Calendar of Historical Events In Iowa, William J. Petersen, State Historical Society of Iowa, 1946, p 20
Kudos to the amazing resources below for the many quotes, photographs, etc. used on this page.